Aci 214r11 guide to evaluation of strength test results. Pdf an experiment on durability test rcpt of concrete. The originating section of this publication in the iaea was. Tests such as water absorption, surface absorption, water permeability, or chloride permeability are commonly specified.
Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i. Wong department of civil engineering, the university of hong kong, hong kong abstract. Introduction to durability and inplace infiltration of. After compressive strength tests, concrete samples were taken from the tested cylinders by chipping out from one of the cylinder border clean of macrocracks and allowed to dry for 21 days in laboratory desiccator 20 2 c, 30 2% rh. This is usually called as the characteristic compressive strength of concrete fc fck.
The compressive strength of concrete is the most common performance measure used by the engineer in designing buildings and other structures. Various tests have been developed around the world for concrete durability quality control testing. In duraint the objective was to evaluate the effect of interacted deterioration parameters on the service life of concrete structures. Air void analysis of fresh concrete ava and hardened concrete air content at early time of concrete hardening generation of testing instructions was during the project vttr0346611. Here is the other test that would determine the durability of concrete. Acceptance criteria for durability tests, aci concrete. As concrete is the most commonly used building material in the worldemployed more than all other building materials combinedits ability to perform well has a direct impact on how. Tests have been selected with regard to practical application and direct usefulness in establishing the parameters surrounding aspects of durability. Concrete durability testing kryton international inc. Durability and durability tests for paving asphalt. Durability of concrete structures article pdf available in arabian journal for science and engineering 362. Quality control in concrete and durability factors. Acceptance criteria for durability tests minimizing the risks of accepting defective concrete or rejecting acceptable concrete this article is based on the authors acceptance criteria for durability tests, published in the winter 2007 edition of concrete infocus, national ready mixed concrete association, pp.
Concrete durability enhancement from nopal opuntia ficus. Introduction to durability and inplace infiltration of pervious concrete charles mitchell, p. Aar, chemical attack, freezing and thawing, abrasion and fire. Performance testing performance testing covers a broad range of testing, usually a product, part, material, or systems ability to meet its design, engineering, or functional specifications and requirements, including any required environmental conditions in which the product, part, material, or. Bleeding of concrete astm c 232 or aashto t 158 19 20. In section 4, individual test procedures are presented. Structures compressive strength of concrete consequently quality of concrete manufactured is often measured by. Durability of concrete types of durability and factors. An experimental study on strength and durability for. Secondly, it is aimed to discuss the possibility of reducing the cement amount in construction of concrete structures. Specimens of pastes, mortars, and concretes were subjected t. By this single test one judge that whether concreting has been done properly or not. Introduction concrete the man made rock is the most widely used construction material. It is always tested for acceptance at fairly early ages with respect to the concrete life and for this reason the strength obtained is less than the ultimate strength the concrete will attain.
Testing concrete in structures nondestructive testing determination of rebound number. Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, che. These books are used by students of top universities, institutes and colleges. The intention of this study is to discuss the variation of concrete exposed to high sulfate environment of a specific region with respect to strength and durability. Thus, the objective of this manual is to make the students aware of different tests required to be performed for these materials as per indian standards and the acceptable limiting values. Aug 11, 2014 tests such as water absorption, surface absorption, water permeability, or chloride permeability are commonly specified. Use of inappropriate materials, poor construction practices, curing and mix designs. Information derived from such procedures is valuable in defining design criteria, specificat ions, and other parameters needed for. Nowadays opc is widely used and it is the costly ingredient in the production of concrete. Tests for concrete strength are made shortly after it has been placed 7 to 90 days. Durability index spreadsheet durability index tests provide a measure of the resistance of the concrete cover to ingress of gases, liquids, and ions. Systematic testing of the raw materials, the fresh con crete and the hardened concrete is an inseparable part of any quality control programme for concrete which helps to achieve higher efficiency of the materials used and greater assurance of the performance of the concrete in regard to both strength and durability. Various types of tests on bricks are conducted to check the qualities of bricks for construction purposes.
For normal field applications, the concrete strength can vary from 10mpa to 60 mpa. The most common and widely used test in abu dhabi was the rcp test. Airentraining additions for use in the manufacture of airentraining cements must meet requirements of astm c 226. Sep 19, 2014 with some predictions estimating the global population will reach as high as 11 billion by 2050, it is crucial the design community plans infrastructure with sustainable and innovative practices in mind. Pdf durability of concrete structures researchgate. The concrete mixtures incorporate either basalt or crushed limestone, aggregate sizes of 12 mm h in. Concrete technology strength of concrete professor kamran m. Concrete technology durability of concrete professor kamran m. Durability of concrete durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist. Introduction to methodology the national academies press. Wong department of civil engineering, the university of hong kong introduction reinforced concrete deterioration. Specimens were tested to ascertain properties at 7 and 28 days by performing the following tests.
Concrete mixtures can be designed to provide a wide range of mechanical and durability properties to meet the design requirements of a structure. Durability of reinforced concrete structures,theory vs practice. Various factors affecting the concrete durability are discussed below. Bricks are oldest and important construction materials because of their durability, reliability, strength and low cost.
Guidelines for concrete mixtures containing supplementary cementitious materials to enhance durability of bridge decks is designed to help facilitate the use of supplementary cementitious materials to enhance durability of concrete used in highway construction, especially bridge decks. Industrial applications and chemistry section international atomic energy agency wagramer strasse 5 p. Guide to evaluation of strength test results of concrete reported by aci committee 214 aci 214r11 statistical procedures provide valuable tools for evaluating the results of concrete strength tests. The capacity of concrete is reported in psi pounds per sq. Transport mechanisms in concrete and durability test methods. Durability is defined as the capability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. The type of break of a cylinder needs to be assessed and should be classified according to figure 2 ofastm c39. Failure to do this can result in the need to spend even more money. The paper introduces the principles underpinning the vpv durability test method.
Durable concrete is a result of proper design, proportioning, placement, finishing, testing, inspection, and curing. For this purpose, laboratory tests were conducted to investigate compressive strength and sulfate resisting. Tests on concrete concrete slump test, compression test for. This is because, compared to most other properties, testing strength is relatively easy. Durability of reinforced concrete structures, theory vs practice albert k. The three cube sample shall be taken from the delivered fresh concrete and kept it in the curing tank for 28 days or after 24 hours the concrete sample would be demoulded and it will be sent directly to the approved thirdparty laboratory to ensure its curing. Test methods for the assessment of durability of concrete. Guide to evaluation of strength test results of concrete.
A test result is the average of at least two standardcured. Durability of concrete may be defined as the ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired engineering properties. Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. Nemati winter quarter 2015 2 concrete technology 3 macrostructure of concrete concrete technology 4 macrostructure visible cracks in hcp and aggregates due to volume change to understand cause of cracks, we need to look at microstructure structure of damaged concrete. Analysis of durability of asvanced cementitious materials for. It normally refers to the duration or life span of troublefree performance. The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable. Pdf evolving acceptance criteria for concrete durability. The exceptional durability of portland cement concrete is a major reason why it is the worlds most widely used construction material. Durability and permeability of concrete 605 unit5 2.
Standard test method for determining potential resistance to. The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. This report includes field and laboratory testing results for the concretes casted in may 2005 5 concretes, cem i 42,5 n sr no field testing. Testing methods for concrete durability springerlink. Although strength is not typically a good indicator of concrete durability, most concrete will require a minimum level of strength for structural design purposes regardless of the application. Quality control testing is done by the producer to assure that the material meets certain standards, whereas the owner does acceptance or verification testing. Durability durability is the ability to last a long time without significant deterioration. Factors affecting durability of concrete surfaces donald l. Acceptance criteria for durability tests minimizing the risks of accepting defective concrete. Durability of concrete transportation research board. Concrete, as a structural material and as the building exterior skin, has the ability to withstand natures normal deteriorating mechanisms as well as natural disasters. Experimental techniques for measuring progressive deterioration of concrete were investigated.
The durability of concrete as a construction material and the durability of reinforced concrete structures under different environmental conditions are probably. They also have some limitations and it is necessary to understand and recognise them. Testing concrete mix to predict durability construction canada. For estimating the inplace concrete strength, astm c 31 provides procedures forfieldcuredspecimens. Durability of concrete is determined by its ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration, and will retain its original form, quality, and serviceability when exposed to its environment. Is it appropriate for concrete durability quality control testing. For regions where freezethaw cycles may affect concrete durability, air entraining admixtures or high performance concrete designs may be required.
Com pressive strength aashto t 22, measured on cylindrical specimens, is often specified to be at least. Guidebook on nondestructive testing of concrete structures. Mechanical properties of concrete using recycled plastic. When the structural element is not subject to durability concerns, specified compressive strength is the. His research interests include the measurement of durability of concrete insitu by indicator testing and the effects of curing, pozzolanic materials and age on concrete durability. The standard rebound hammer provides a simple, easy and inexpensive method to estimate concrete strength properties. Testing chloride penetration resistance of concrete. Compressive strength of concrete cube test, procedure.
It is a quick test to carry out compared with other durability tests. Additionally, the level of scatter is not similar in the different durability tests, so each test would need its own determination of the acceptance criteria, when these are used for the control. More than 80,000 crores cum of concrete are poured every year. Field testing results were considered necessary to get relevant information on concrete durability in field conditions. The interaction between the concrete and its environment is described in the. Tests for durability are varied because concrete is a complex material with many aspects worthy of testing. In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates rocks. An experiment on durability test rcpt of concrete according to astm standard method using lowcost equipments article pdf available june 2014 with 5,331 reads how we measure reads. The key issues here appear to be associated with pore chemistry and heat generated. The behaviour and properties of concrete and concrete making materials can be better understood by conducting firsthand experiments in the laboratory. Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 mpa 2200 psi to 30 mpa 4400 psi and higher in commercial and industrial structures. Three ways to measure the durability of concrete kryton.
The break type that yields the most accurate reading is the hourglass. To have a sustainable concrete structure, durability is key. Cylindrical specimens are tested in accordance with astm c 39, standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. The end result is of concern, in particular with regard to the test data obtained when there are materials such as fly ash. However, not all of these tests can be carried out by testing agencies throughout the world. Durability aspects of standard concrete m vijaya sekhar reddy1, i v ramana reddy2, k madan mohan reddy3 and c m ravi kumar4 in todays competitive environment it is becoming important to reduce the construction cost in one or other way. Trbs national cooperative highway research program nchrp report 566. Ames, materials and research department, california division of highways a laboratory research program on abrasion resistance of con crete surfaces, including the development of an impacttype. But material limitations, design and construction practices, and severe exposure conditions can cause concrete to deteriorate, which.
Tests on bricks are conducted at construction site as well as in laboratory. Different concretes require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environment and properties desired. The effects of aggregate type, size, and content on the behavior of normal and high strength concrete, and the relationships between compressive strength, flexural strength, and fracture energy are discussed. Concrete durability an overview sciencedirect topics. The ability of concrete to withstand the conditions for which it is designed without deterioration for a long period of years is known as durability. However, the results of the test on concrete are affected by various factors such. Compressive strength of concrete is an important element in designing r. A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily under expected exposure conditions for specified life of the structure. Characteristic strength of concrete is the strength of concrete specimens casted and tested as per given. Nemati winter quarter 2015 1 concrete technology strength of concrete concrete technology 2 strength of concrete in concrete design and quality control, strength is the property generally specified. Pdf concrete technology books collection free download. Nemati winter quarter 2015 5 concrete technology 9 as gel is the source of expansion absorption swelling theory. I believe that understanding the difference between reliability testing and durability testing is a key to reducing designdevelopment expenses as well as warranty expenses by an order of magnitude.
Performance testing performance testing covers a broad range of testing, usually a product, part, material, or systems ability to meet its design, engineering, or functional specifications and requirements, including any required environmental conditions in which the product, part, material, or system will be used. Expansive pressure and subsequent expansion of concrete are due to pore water. Testing the compressive strength of concrete what, why. First, the existing longterm procedures are discussed, namely the salt ponding aashto t259 test and the nordtest ntbuild 443 bulk diffusion test. National workshop on achieving durable concrete construction through performance testing. These tests should consider the unique properties of the mix design when used to determine concretes durability. The measured slump must be within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump. The ability of cement concrete to resist weathering action,chemical attack and any process that can deteriorate its condition is known as durablity of concrete. Pdf test methods to determine durability of concrete under.
Jan 14, 2016 additional tests for freshly mixed concrete 1. Factors affecting durability of concrete following are the factors affecting durability of concrete. The three tests developed in south africa are oxygen permeability index opi, water sorptivity index wsi together with associated porosity, and chloride conductivity index cci. Top 6 important quality tests of concrete quality assurance. It is a stateofthart report and a part of the study under hr124, development of laboratory durability test for asphalts.
A mix design that will produce concrete of low permeability is essential for resisting most forms of deterioration. Overall, tests such as water absorption, surface absorption, water permeability, or chloride permeability are commonly specified. Specifically, these benefits are based on the following facts. Review of rapid chloride permeability testing for durability compliance kribanandan gurusamy naidu 1 abstract this paper examines the applicability of the widelyadopted astm c120297 electrical indication of concrete.
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